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Many of the problems that plague the digital world come down to the need for strangers to trust each other. Why do you buy products from Amazon but not from an online merchant you've never heard of? Because you trust that Amazon will deliver the goods you pay for, and you don't trust an unknown seller. You don't want to take a risk with your money. This fear is rational, and it reflects a foundational problem with today's internet. It's a problem that I've been working for years to solve using decentralized blockchain technology. The journey that led me to take up this challenge has been an unusual one. It is a path that has informed my view of the world and technology and shaped the way I think about progress and innovation. I grew up in a small city of about 2 million. My parents were medical doctors, and they had big dreams for me—dreams of a stable, prestigious career in the region where I grew up. But from a young age, I had a curiosity that I knew would lead elsewhere. As a kid, I devoured books on philosophy, literature and science. Nietzsche, Kant and Haruki Murakami were among my early influences. They opened my eyes to the power of narratives and big ideas. The thirst for knowledge became my compass. I learned English through Western books and TV shows. I remember being so eager to read Harry Potter that I picked up the English version when there was no Chinese translation available. Shows like Friends and The Big Bang Theory were more than just entertainment; they became a way for me to understand American humor and culture. As a kid in China, I felt I knew New York. And while I didn't realize it then, these early experiences would be cornerstones in my personal development. Breaking the Mold After high school, I studied computer science at Wuhan University, which had a joint program with Carnegie Mellon, and experienced rigorous academics and cutting-edge research for the first time. Next, I went to Singapore to pursue a master's degree in computer science. It was my first time living outside China, further broadening my horizons and deepening my desire to learn and explore. From there, I finally made the move to the United States, where I was accepted into the University of Washington's Ph.D. program, one of the top computer science programs in the country. Seattle, with its interminable cloudy days, was a cultural adjustment, to say the least, but I made the most of it. I learned to ski in the winter and sail in the summer. This too broadened my horizons. The Bitcoin Revelation Then one day in 2018, Coinbase, the cryptocurrency exchange, sent me $20 worth of bitcoin as part of a campaign aimed at promising computer science students across the U.S. I didn't think much of it at first, but as the value of that BTC grew, so did my curiosity. Bitcoin was a big narrative—exactly the kind of thing that had always appealed to me, the kind of thing too many computer scientists dismiss as vague or unserious. It wasn't just about money; it was about trust, consensus and rethinking our fundamental systems. A truly shared economy. After earning my Ph.D., I joined Algorand, a blockchain startup founded by MIT professor and Turing Award winner Silvio Micali. At Algorand, I worked on coding the platform's first smart contract. And I learned that success, in blockchain and life, depends on more than technical innovation. It's about community, culture and, crucially, usage. That realization led me to launch my first startup, Manta Network, which focused on privacy-preserving decentralized finance. Building Manta was a crash course in entrepreneurship. I learned how to build a team, develop a product and navigate the volatile crypto market. The lessons were hard-earned, and they prepared me for what came next. Zero Knowledge Is a Beautiful Thing While attending a blockchain summit in Montenegro in 2022, I had a moment of clarity. Zero-knowledge proofs (ZKPs) were emerging as a major vector of blockchain development. And I realized that these proofs, which verify information without revealing it, held the key to making blockchains work for many more users and use cases. People who say blockchains are a problem in search of a solution are making a category error. Blockchains solve problems that are long-standing and well known. Since its development, the internet has never developed a satisfactory way to ensure that a counterparty will act honestly. Its systems require the establishment of trust through ever more invasive and cumbersome security measures, and it stores information and records in centralized databases that are vulnerable to attack or manipulation. A blockchain is, ultimately, a much more efficient coordination system, one that can prove the validity of a transaction or identity and that can ensure an agreement is carried out as intended. Blockchains' problem isn't that they don't solve a problem; it's that they are slow and expensive and therefore impractical for many everyday uses. This is because they simply lack—by orders of magnitude—the computing power of the centralized internet. With this in mind, I made it my mission to upgrade blockchain's computational power from something like that of a calculator to that of a supercomputer. To do this, I am working to reduce the cost and complexity of ZKPs, which greatly speeds up the processing of transactions on a blockchain. It turns out I've spent my entire life preparing for this, even if I didn't realize it at the time. My academic background gave me a broad understanding of computer science, from theory to systems. My time at Algorand and Manta taught me how to navigate the startup world and solve real-world problems. And my natural curiosity keeps me asking the big, and sometimes inconvenient, questions. My goal now is to upgrade blockchains by making ZKPs fast and cost-effective. If I succeed, I hope to help make the internet, and the entire economy, more efficient, transparent and fair. Shumo Chu is one of the co-founders of NEBRA Labs. A former assistant professor at the University of California, Santa Barbara, he received his Ph.D. from the University of Washington and was a research scientist at Algorand. His current research interest is privacy-preserving systems.Great Barrington — In a press release, Berkshire Health Systems announced that it has received an anonymous donation of $1 million for the relocation and renovation of Fairview Hospital’s Clinical Laboratory. According to Berkshire Health Systems, the donation will support the new laboratory with an upgraded electrical infrastructure and air-filtration systems that will best support new diagnostic technology and equipment. The new laboratory will be named in honor of Eugene A. Dellea, former president of Fairview Hospital, who is currently vice president of government relations for Berkshire Health Systems. He joined the former Hillcrest Hospital in September 1955, where he became the chief medical technologist. During his early years at Hillcrest, Dellea was instrumental in building a new state-of-the-art laboratory. In addition to his work at Hillcrest, he was known for his commitment to preventative healthcare, organizing many community health screenings for diabetes, and providing other lab services. The hospital processes nearly 140,000 tests each year.
The soon-to-be first lady praised her teenage son on Friday for his role in getting his father elected to a second term. "He is a grown young man," Melania Trump said of 18-year-old Barron in a Fox News interview, per . "I'm very proud of him, about his knowledge, even about politics and giving advice to his father." Melania described him as "very vocal" during the campaign, adding, "He knows his generation." She didn't provide specifics, but previous stories—such as this one at —have speculated that it was Barron who encouraged Donald Trump to make the rounds of podcasts, . Barron is a freshman at New York University's Stern School of Business, where he reportedly keeps a low profile. One of the rare instances of his voice being captured comes in from the , a documentary series about the campaign. It shows Donald Trump introducing Barron to Ultimate Fighting Championship CEO Dana White. "Can we make him a fighter," jokes the president-elect, per the . (More stories.)
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Crypto dilemma Digital currency jumps by over 50% since Trump’s victory in presidential elections in early November The PSX is not the only market to have surged past a six-figure barrier this month. The world’s largest cryptocurrency: Bitcoin, has now risen past the $100,000 mark on the back of US President-elect Donald Trump’s return to power. His pro-crypto stance and nomination of a pro-crypto head for the US securities regulator has helped sparked a bullish run in the Bitcoin market. The digital currency has jumped by over 50 per cent since Trump’s victory in the presidential elections in early November and has risen by 140 per cent since the start of the year. However, anything that rises so quickly can fall just as fast and the volatility of Bitcoin and cryptocurrencies in general is one of the many factors that have made regulators across the world wary of this new class of digital finance. As far as Pakistan is concerned, local traders and investors are mostly spectators when it comes to the cryptocurrency world, with the state banning the trading and mining of virtual currencies back in 2018. Pakistan’s approach is in line with that of the largest economy in the Global South, China, where the government has banned cryptocurrency mining and transactions but is coming up with its own Central Bank Digital Currency. And while cryptocurrencies are still legal in India, the government has cracked down on several of the largest crypto exchanges and reports claim that most of its regulators are in favour of more stringent measures against the industry including bans. Crypto also has plenty of sceptics in the developed world, although regulators there have been relatively more lenient thus far. So, aside from volatility, what is it about crypto that has attracted such widespread regulatory backlash? To answer this question one has to start with what cryptocurrencies like Bitcoin really are. Unlike regular fiat currencies, crypto currencies are not issued by any central authority and are, in theory, immune to government manipulation or interference. Instead, most cryptocurrencies are based on a decentralised network of computers and secured by cryptography, making them nearly impossible to counterfeit or double-spend. They can also facilitate payments cheaper and faster by ditching the need for third-party intermediaries like banks, something that would theoretically help a country that relies as heavily on cross-border remittances as Pakistan. The lack of government regulation can also help circumvent sanctions, often unjustly imposed by the West on the Global South. However, it is precisely this anarchical aspect of crypto that has many worried. There have been reports of criminal and terrorist organisations using crypto currencies. It is also unclear what impact of the increasing adoption of crypto will be on the traditional fiat-based financial system and the billions who currently depend on it for basic amenities and development. This is all without even getting into the damaging effects energy-intensive crypto mining has on the environment and its vulnerability to unethical practices. But simply banning new technologies is never a good solution. Attempts to come up with something that can offer the benefits of crypto while mitigating its risks, as being done in China, should be encouraged. One must also note that crypto currencies will impact many other tech developments including microprocessor development for faster computers and better software too. Blanket exclusion from this market as is being done in Pakistan risks leaving the country out of many important tech developments.After issuing a in September, nonprofit environmental law group Earthjustice filed a against federal agencies involved in the Bitterroot National Forest Plan. The complaint, filed on Tuesday, criticizes the U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service, U.S. Forest Service and the Bitterroot National Forest for failure to follow guidelines enforced by the Endangered Species Act and seeks to rule the plan as unlawful. The four plaintiffs filing against federal agencies include Friends of the Bitterroot, Friends of Clearwater, Native Ecosystems Council, and the WildEarth Guardians. The lawsuit centers around the Bitterroot Forest Plan amendments’ erasure of road density limitations and how potential new road construction could impact grizzly bear and bull trout population in the Bitterroot. “Plaintiffs thus turn to this Court for relief. To protect grizzly bears and bull trout, Plaintiffs request the Court declare unlawful and vacate the Forest Service’s Programmatic Amendment 40, as well as the 6 underlying Biological Opinion and Environmental Assessment (EA), and remand to the agencies for further analysis,” the complaint reads. Conservation groups took issue with , which allows the Forest Service to, according to the plaintiffs’ (issued on Sep. 10), “open or construct new roads without closing other roads." “Plaintiffs challenge the Forest Service’s 2023 Programmatic Amendment 40 to the Land Management Plan for the Bitterroot National Forest, which eliminated restrictions on road retention and motorized use without adequately considering resulting impacts on grizzly bears and bull trout,” states the complaint. Jim Miller, president of the Friends of the Bitterroot, told the Ravalli Republic in September that road densities in the Bitterroot Forest are “probably the biggest contributor to stream sedimentation, harming trout fisheries.” Besides increasing stream sediment, high road densities could also negatively impact interconnectivity between bear populations, a constant struggle for the state’s already fragmented grizzly population. “Roads displace grizzly bears and degrade bull trout streams” said Ben Scrimshaw, Earthjustice attorney, in a . “The Bitterroot provides crucial connective habitat between grizzly bears in the Northern Continental Divide Ecosystem and the isolated Greater Yellowstone Ecosystem, so allowing for limitless road building and motorized use through this area is a huge step backward in the quest for recovery.” “Grizzly bears require large expanses of intact ecosystem,” Miller told the Ravalli Republic after the lawsuit was filed on Tuesday. “Road densities fragment habitat and compromise the grizzly bear’s ability to inhabit those areas.” Miller mentioned how grizzly bears in Montana have started to trickle back into the Bitterroot and how an increase in road densities could disrupt a gradual reintroduction of the species to the valley. “We see grizzly bears naturally moving into our area,” Miller said. “In order for the Bitterroot ecosystem to be good habitat for grizzly bears, we can’t have too many roads and right now the Bitterroot National Forest has too many roads.” Miller claims that grizzly bears are not recovered enough to be subjected to any kind of human-caused endangerment and that Programmatic Amendment 40 does not adequately analyze the effects of its contents on species like grizzly bears and bull trout. The complaint states that there are two significant ways in which the U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service failed to analyze Programmatic Amendment 40’s impacts on grizzly bears. “(1) it failed to consider road-density impacts on grizzly bears outside of secure, unroaded habitat; and (2) it allowed the Forest Service to overinflate current and future calculations of secure grizzly bear habitat by including fractions of land as small as one acre in size — approximately .00156 square miles,” reads the complaint. These criticisms were also mentioned in the conservation groups’ letter of intent submitted in September. According to Scrimshaw, the lawsuit was not immediately filed after the 60-day-notice transpired because Earthjustice received “last-minute response letters from the agencies.” “It was two letters responding to our 60-day-notice,” Scrimshaw said. “One letter addressed our concerns about impacts to bull trout and the other one was about impacts to grizzly bears.” These response letters are referenced numerous times in footnotes throughout the complaint. “They (federal agencies) said that they would go back and reinitiate consultation on this problem of unauthorized motorized use, which is just a very, very small component of our grizzly bear claims,” Scrimshaw said. “They went through our other arguments and tried to provide rationale, which I didn’t find particularly compelling.” Scrimshaw said these response letters delayed the litigation process because Earthjustice wanted to carefully analyze their contents before proceeding. Relevant responses provided in the agencies’ letters are addressed individually in the lawsuit. Earthjustice highlights discrepancies in each of the responses and provides reasoning as to their failure to address the conservation groups’ complaint. “In response to Plaintiffs’ 60-day notice letter, the agencies asserted that they ‘will examine this issue to determine if further clarification is warranted.’ The agencies did not commit to making any changes and have provided no timeline for completing consultation,” reads one of the footnotes in the complaint. Scrimshaw said that the next step of the legal process involves federal agencies responding to the complaint. “They will submit an answer and we’ll get together with the agencies and work out a case management plan that sets deadlines,” Scrimshaw said. “We’ll get that sorted out together once the agency attorneys have made their appearances in the case; it will be a little bit of a process.” Jackson Kimball is the local government reporter for the Ravalli Republic. Stay up-to-date on the latest in local and national government and political topics with our newsletter.